breast

Construction and location of the breast

A woman has two breasts (mammary glands in Latin). These are located in the muscle, which is located on your ribs and intercostal muscles. The two breasts may vary from each other in size and shape. The breasts grow in puberty, under the influence of hormones. They are a secondary sex characteristic of women. Also, men have breasts, but not develop.

Breasts contain milk glands, fat, connective tissue, blood vessels and lymph vessels and have an offshoot of breast tissue in the armpit . A mammary gland consists of melklobjes with milk-producing cells. Each has a mammary gland milk duct, and it flows into the nipple. Each breast has one nipple surrounded by areola (areola). The areola can vary in color from light pink to dark brown.

Function of breasts

Breasts make breastfeeding and play a role in sexual arousal.

The nipples containing many blood vessels and nerve endings, which play a role in sexual arousal and breast-feeding. In cold weather or sexual excitement, the nipples are hard.

Operation of the breasts

After ovulation, progesterone causes an increase in the glandular tissue in the breasts. There's more blood to breasts in preparation for a possible pregnancy. This can cause breast pain during menstruation or pregnancy.

The mammary glands are the main function of feeding the baby with milk The milk is prepared during the pregnancy by the hormone prolactin.  the milk flows from the milk glands through the milk ducts to the nipple. When the mother hears her baby cry, the hormone oxytocin is released. This squeezing muscle cells around the milk glands to contract, causing the milk in the milk ducts.

The connective tissue in the chest provides strength and the amount of adipose tissue determines the size of the breast. In addition, protecting the connective and adipose tissue and the blood vessels in the breast milk glands.

Problems with breasts

Breast cancer is the most dangerous disease of the breast. In breast cancer grows a malignant tumor in 1 breast. Breast cancer is common cancer between women, but it also occurs in men.

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bladder

Construction of the bladder

Your bladder is the bottom of your belly, behind the pubic bone. It is a more or less spherical organ. On the sides mouths from two ureters which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. An empty bladder is clean but small, a full bladder has a capacity of 400 ml. Backflow of urine to the kidneys is not possible. At the bottom of the bladder is the urethra.

Your bladder has an extensive blood and nerve supply. The wall of the bladder has a muscular layer, causing your bladder can stretch and relax. In order to ensure that urine does not immediately leave your bladder, there is a so-called sphincter present. This closes the output off until leakage is not desirable.

Anatomy of the kidneys

Function of the bladder

Your bladder has a very clear function. Urine which is produced in kidneys, comes through the ureters into the bladder and is temporarily stored there. As a result, it is possible that we do not lose the entire day urine. We do several times a day to the toilet. A healthy person who drinks enough to urinate about six to eight times a day.

Operation of the bladder

Between the ureters and the urethra is a triangular little area that's sensitive. If your bladder fills with urine, will eventually go stretch this triangle. As a result, you get an urge to urinate. Then, when you yourself go to the bathroom, 

the control center of your bladder will take over this task and make sure that you go pee. From the moment you housebroken, this control center does not usually intervene, but your own way to the toilet. Once on the toilet the sphincter of the bladder will be released automatically. By then the muscle layer to pull back on your bladder urine can outside. The abdominal muscles tightening is not necessary during urination. Although the pressure on the bladder becomes larger, the urethra is pinched off so you urine less easily flowing.

Bladder problems

There are several problems or disorders of the bladder.  This is known as a bladder infection. In addition, you get a bladder augmentation bladder prolapse or bladder neck stricture. 

If you have bladder stones hope crystals urine until the onion chips. When bladder cancer is growing and malignant tumor in the bladder. Some people have an overactive bladder, one also speaks of a weak bladder.

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adrenal

Construction and location of the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are two small organs that lie on a layer of fat on top of the kidneys. They each weigh about five grams and are grayish in color. Adrenal glands consist of two parts, the marrow (medulla) inside, and the bark (cortex) on the outside. The adrenal medulla is composed of nerve tissue. The adrenal cortex is made up of three layers, each with a different function. For the adrenal glands is surrounded by the adrenal capsule and a protective layer of fat.

The anatomy of the kidneys

Function of the adrenal glands                       

The function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones. They make the following hormones:

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Cortisol.

Aldosterone.

Androgens (male sex hormones) and estrogens (female sex hormones).

This explains where these hormones in the adrenal glands are created and how they work.

Functioning of the adrenal glands

In the medulla of the adrenal glands (nor) epinephrine, and dopamine made. These hormones are known as the "fight-or-flight" hormones because they cause the body to make an extra effort to danger or stress. The heart beats faster and there is extra glucose that was stored in your body, free for extra energy. When the danger is over, the adrenaline production decreases. The body then responds normally.

In the outer layer of the adrenal cortex is produced aldosterone. Aldosterone regulates the mineral metabolism by the kidneys let out divorce less salt. This aldosterone regulates blood pressure indirectly.

The middle layer of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol, which stimulates the production and storage of glucose. Cortisol also plays a role in the defense against pathogens. And affects your sleep wake rhythm.

The inner layer produces androgens and estrogens, which play a role in the development of the sexual characteristics of men and women.

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epididymis

Construction of the epididymis

The epididymis or epididymis is a comma-shaped organ located in the scrotum. The epididymis lie behind the testicles or testes. You have two testicles, including two testicles. Each epididymis consists of a tube that is completely rolled up. The total length of the tube is no less than six meters.

From the epididymis, the vas deferens springs which then goes to the prostate through the groin. Behind the prostate, the vas deferens, together with the removal of seminal vesicles. The seminal vesicles are glands that produce semen.

Male genitalia epididymis

Function of the epididymis

The epididymis has an important role in the maturing and storage of sperm cells. The sperm cells produced in the testicles are transported to the epididymis. In the epididymis ripen them further. Further, here, they develop the ability to swim and to bind itself to the female egg.

Operation of the epididymis

The sperm coming from the testicle to the epididymis. The sperm then move through the six meter long tube back before they are released during ejaculation. During this trip the sperm cells mature. This maturation takes place in a predominantly acidic environment, so that the sperm are inactive and thereby use little energy. After maturing sperm cells are transported in the epididymis to the vas deferens or (if there will be no ejaculation) absorbed through the epididymis. The epididymis is not involved in hormone production.

Problems with the epididymis

The epididymitis. An inflamed epididymis is caused by a bacterial infection of the urinary tract that has extended to the vas deferens. The epididymitis is usually unilateral and gives pain and swelling at the rear of one of the testicles. Often, the cause of a chlamydia epididymitis.

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uterus

Construction of the uterus

The womb or uterus is a female sexual organ which has the shape and the size of a pear. It is located in the pelvic cavity, behind the bladder and the rectum. 

 The uterus is formed of two parts: 

the body and the cervix. The body is connected via the fallopian tubes with the ovaries. In the body can also be the implantation of a fertilized egg (embryo) will take place. The cervix is ​​the connection with the cervix as a connection to the vagina.

The uterine wall consists of four layers. The outer layer consists mainly of smooth muscle which contracts strongly during childbirth to expel the baby. This is called labor. Next comes another layer with a lot of muscle .

 The third layer 

consists of ring-shaped muscle tissue. This baby leans during pregnancy. The innermost layer is the uterine lining (endometrium). This lining is made from two layers:1( the basal layer and 2)the functional layer.the no. 2 disposed at menstruation and then grows during the cycle and The basal layer is always present  . In this layer the fertilized ovum implants itself.

Uterus

Function of the uterus

The uterus has several functions. Below, the most important will be discussed:

Embryo implantation

The main function of the uterus is the implantation of the fertilized ovum. Each month, there will be in one of the ovaries a mature egg is released. This comes in the fallopian tube (ovulation). After intercourse, the egg can be fertilized by a sperm there. After this move the fertilized cell to the uterus, where it can implant in the uterine lining. Here the embryo extract sufficient nutrients for growth and development until the placenta (placenta) is formed.

Embryo protection

Even if you're pregnant, the uterus plays an important role. About two weeks after the implantation of the embryo amniotic fluid begins to develop herein. This serves as a buffer for the embryo, where it can move freely and is safe from bumps, 

pushes and temperature changes. Also carries waste from the embryo and protects it against infections. 

Delivery

Labor begins when the uterus to contract. These contractions you call labor and ensure that the cervix softens and 

unlocks. Childbirth can also begin to rupture of membranes.

Embryo implantation

The endometrium responds strongly to the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. They prepare the endometrium for a 

possible pregnancy. Estrogen ensures that the endometrium becomes thicker, and by progesterone arise more mucus glands. If 

fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum dies. As a result, the amount of sex hormones and the endometrium 

partially divested. These blood vessels burst and bleeding occurs (menstruation).

Embryo protection

Mother and child care both for the development of amniotic fluid. The placenta, which arises from special cells of the 

embryo, to replace just before delivery every half hour for nearly half a liter of amniotic fluid. Approximately 98% of 

the amniotic fluid consists of water. The rest consists of urine and skin cells from the baby, placenta nutrients and 

hormones.

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Function of the pancreas

Function of the pancreas

Digestion

An important function of the pancreas is the production of pancreatic juice. It contains enzymes that aid in the digestion of proteins in the digestive system. In addition, the alkaline substances from the juice ensure that the acidic stomach contents is neutralized, if it enters the intestine. As a result, the pH of the intestinal contents is much higher than the content of the stomach. This means that the intestinal content is less acidic.

Glucose Mirror

The pancreas produces two hormones which are important for the metabolism of sugars , insulin & glucagon. These hormones regulate your blood glucose (blood sugar). Glucagon and insulin are produced in the islets of Langerhans.

Operation of the pancreas

Pancreatic juice

The pancreatic juice contains alkaline substances which neutralize the acidic food slurry enters the duodenum from the stomach. In addition, the juice enzymes that help break down proteins.

Glucagon and insulin

We get our energy from food. Important nutrients are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These nutrients are in your digestive include converted into glucose.

This then passes from your digestive system into your blood. Your blood sugar rises then. It is essential that you always glucose level is between 4 and 8 milimol / liter.

A rising glucose level is a signal for the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Insulin causes your body cells to record glucose from your blood. The glucose particles are coupled to each other to form long chains.  Glycogen can be stored in the liver and muscles as energy reserve. Your glucose level decreases. Among other insulin also ensures that you do not feel hungry anymore.

When you have not eaten anything for a while, decreases your blood glucose. You need new energy. Your pancreas then gives the hormone glucagon into the bloodstream. This hormone ensures that the glycogen in the liver is broken down into glucose and released into the bloodstream. Your glucose level rises.

As glucagon and insulin have opposite function, they work together to ensure that the glucose in balance.

diabetes mellitus type 1 :If the pancreas does not produce insulin and the glucose in your blood is high. Does the pancreas low insulin or the body reacts insufficient,( type 2 diabetes).

Problems with the pancreas

There are several diseases of the pancreas. In type 1 diabetes, the insulin production in the pancreas not normal. 

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hormones

What are hormones?

Hormones are substances that the body itself produces and regulate many functions of the body and influence processes. So they can turn or just slowing down organs and tissues. However, the organ or tissue have to be specific receptors (receivers) have for the hormone.  Hormones affect both long-term body processes, such as growth or maturation of gametes as faster-acting body processes such as blood pressure . This is as hormones are transported in your blood and also stay long there. Eventually hormones degraded in the liver. Much faster working processes - such as moving a muscle - are controlled by nerves. These products can emit short signals.

Function of hormones

Hormones are involved in various processes and functions in your body:

Reproduction. For example, female hormones are involved in menstruation, pregnancy and menopause transition or male hormones and are involved in the production of sperm cells.

Metabolism.

Growth and development.

Digestion.

Fluid and salt.

Storage and consumption of food reserves.

Behavior, feelings and emotions. For example, hormones and stress have been linked.

Organ functions.

Regulation of hormones

Your hormones and the organs that produce hormones are collectively called the endocrine system. The various glands in our body make different hormones. However, these hormones are often also affect other glands, and making other hormones. In most cases, there is even a so-called "feedback mechanism '. A large amount of a particular hormone can ensure that the same hormone is made less. An example of this is what the pituitary secretes the hormone TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). If the amount of TSH is rising, this thereby inhibits the production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. 

In addition to the hormones themselves, the nervous system is also involved in the regulation of hormones.

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